Medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) establish T cell self-tolerance through the expression
of autoimmune regulator (Aire) and peripheral tissue-specific self-antigens. However, …

The thymic medulla provides a microenvironment where medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs)
express autoimmune regulator and diverse tissue-restricted genes, contributing to …

The Toll-like receptor (TLR) family has important roles in microbial recognition and dendritic
cell activation 1 , 2 . TLRs 7 and 9 can recognize nucleic acids 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 and trigger …

In mice deficient in either lymphotoxin-α (LT-α) or the type I tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
receptor, but not the type II TNF receptor, germinal centers failed to develop in peripheral …

The microenvironments of the thymus are generated by thymic epithelial cells (TECs) and
are essential for inducing immune self-tolerance or developing T cells. However, the …

Autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene mutation is responsible for the development of organ-specific
autoimmune disease with monogenic autosomal recessive inheritance. Although Aire …

AFFINITY maturation by somatic hypermutation is thought to occur within germinal centres 1–4
. Mice deficient in lymphotoxin-α (LTα −/− mice) have no lymph nodes or Peyer's patches …

The roles of autoimmune regulator (Aire) in the expression of the diverse arrays of tissue-restricted
antigen (TRA) genes from thymic epithelial cells in the medulla (medullary thymic …

Physical contact between thymocytes and the thymic stroma is essential for T cell maturation
and shapes the T cell repertoire in the periphery. Stromal elements that control these …

Myostatin is a potent negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth. Therefore, myostatin
inhibition offers a novel therapeutic strategy for muscular dystrophy by restoring skeletal muscle …