Trends in Cell Biology
ReviewStitching Organelles: Organization and Function of Specialized Membrane Contact Sites in Plants
Section snippets
Plant MCS: Specialization of Evolutionarily Conserved Communication Nodes
A hallmark of plant cellular organization is a sophisticated subcellular compartmentation system that includes the nucleus, the endomembrane system, and organelles derived from endosymbiotic associations including mitochondria and plastids. While subcellular compartmentation enables the efficient segregation of complex biochemical processes, it also imposes a physical barrier impeding the free flux of metabolites and macromolecules between organelles [1]. To circumvent this limitation, plant
The Search for Plant MCS Components: Not All Eukaryotes Are Equal
Most of our current knowledge regarding plant MCS derives from direct visualization of MCS structures (Box 2), and the identification and functional characterization of MCS components bridging the juxtaposed membranes, providing physical stability to the adjacent organelles, and promoting the exchange of molecules between them 2, 3, 4, 5. Plant MCS research has benefited from the extensive characterizations of close homologs and evolutionarily conserved MCS components in other eukaryotic
Plasmodesmata: ER–PM Contact Sites Regulating Intercellular Communication
One specialized type of plant MCS that is unique both amongst ER–PM contact sites and eukaryotic cell junctions are the plasmodesmata (PD). PD are intercellular cytoplasmic channels that connect plant cells across the cell wall and constitute a major pathway for plant intercellular signaling and tissue patterning 43, 44, 45. PD are structurally unique, with both the ER and the PM running through the pores, forming two membrane tubules concentrically arranged with an overall diameter of about 40
Concluding Remarks
Although plant MCS have been morphologically described for over 40 years, we are only now starting to dissect their biochemical, biophysical, and functional characteristics. Recent advances in imaging techniques such as transmission electron microscope (TEM) tomography (Figure 1B,C) and fluorescent live-cell imaging (Figure 1E–G) are starting to unravel the intricate spatial and dynamic organization of these plant membrane structures (Box 3). In parallel, the genetic identification of plant MCS
Acknowledgments
We apologize to any authors whose relevant work on MCS has not been cited owing to length constraints. We would like to thank Cyril Dejean from SciLight (www.scilight.eu) for preparing illustrations for the review. This work was supported by the Canada Research Chairs Program (to A.R.), two Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Discovery Grants (to A.R. and L.S.), a Research Training Fellowship from the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (FPI-BES 2012-052324
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