Review
Cell fate regulation by chromatin ADP-ribosylation

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Abstract

ADP-ribosylation is an evolutionarily conserved complex posttranslational modification that alters protein function and/or interaction. Intracellularly, it is mainly catalyzed by diphtheria toxin-like ADP-ribosyltransferases (ARTDs), which attach one or several ADP-ribose residues onto target proteins. Several specific mono- and poly-ADP-ribosylation binding modules exist; hydrolases reverse the modification. The best-characterized ARTD family member, ARTD1, regulates various DNA-associated processes. Here, we focus on the role of ARTD1-mediated chromatin ADP-ribosylation in development, differentiation, and pluripotency, and the recent development of new methodologies that will enable more insight into these processes.

Section snippets

NAD+ and ADP-ribosylation

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a main component of cellular redox reactions and thus an important player in energy metabolism. Upon accepting two electrons and a proton, NAD+ forms the reducing agent NADH, which fuels the mitochondrial electron transport chain [1]. Additional roles of NAD+, which include ADP-ribosylation, are emerging and are reviewed in [2]. ADP-ribosylation is an evolutionarily conserved posttranslational modification found in all living cells (with the exception

Chromatin ADP-ribosylation in development and differentiation

In this chapter, several aspects on how ADP-ribosylation affects development and differentiation are discussed. The current literature and proposed mechanisms and functions of chromatin ADP-ribosylation in development and differentiation are summarized in Table 1.

Chromatin aspects

Even though proposed almost 50 years ago, the simple and elegant Waddington model of cell differentiation still holds true to date [88]. In his model, Waddington proposes a pluripotent cell to be a marble on top of a hill; the marble takes different choices as it rolls down the hill and these choices become rarer, the further downhill the marble rolls. The final destination at the bottom of the hill represents the full differentiation of a cell. This simple model nicely illustrates how a cell

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Stephan Christen and Deena Leslie Pedrioli (both University of Zurich) for editorial assistance and critical input during the writing. We apologize to all the researchers, whose work could not be included in the review due to space restrictions. Work on ADP-ribosyltransferases in the laboratory of M.O.H is supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF 310030B_138667, 310030_157019).

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