Transgenerational inheritance of sexual attractiveness via small RNAs enhances evolvability in C. elegans

Highlights

• Growth at 25°C increases sexual attractiveness of C. elegans hermaphrodites

• Increased attractiveness transmits transgenerationally via HRDE-1 and small RNAs

• Attractiveness is associated with sperm defects and small RNAs targeting sperm genes

• Stress-induced transient epigenetic inheritance enhances mating and can affect evolution

Summary

It is unknown whether transient transgenerational epigenetic responses to environmental challenges affect the process of evolution, which typically unfolds over many generations. Here, we show that in C. elegans, inherited small RNAs control genetic variation by regulating the crucial decision of whether to self-fertilize or outcross. We found that under stressful temperatures, younger hermaphrodites secrete a male-attracting pheromone. Attractiveness transmits transgenerationally to unstressed progeny via heritable small RNAs and the Argonaute Heritable RNAi Deficient-1 (HRDE-1). We identified an endogenous small interfering RNA pathway, enriched in endo-siRNAs that target sperm genes, that transgenerationally regulates sexual attraction, male prevalence, and outcrossing rates. Multigenerational mating competition experiments and mathematical simulations revealed that over generations, animals that inherit attractiveness mate more and their alleles spread in the population. We propose that the sperm serves as a “stress-sensor” that, via small RNA inheritance, promotes outcrossing in challenging environments when increasing genetic variation is advantageous.