Recycling endosomes
Section snippets
Plasma membrane recycling: a general requirement for surface homeostasis
The presentation of proteins, including receptors, ion channels, ion pumps and adhesion molecules, at the membrane surface determines many of the aspects of differentiated cell physiology. It is increasingly clear that many of these proteins are internalized using a number of different endocytic pathways. Once internalized, membrane proteins must undergo a number of sorting steps that determine their fate including targeting trafficking to degradation pathways or processing for return to the
The recycling endosome is a dynamic structure
Maxfield's original studies on transferrin trafficking established that the membrane recycling system is a highly dynamic and morphologically diverse complex of membranous elements [1]. Recent studies have now focused on how regulators of the recycling system can alter the morphology as well as the function of the recycling system. The most prominent morphological dynamic in the recycling system involves dynamic tubulation of the recycling system membranes. This tubulation is less apparent in
How many recycling systems are there?
When addressing the question of membrane recycling from endosomes, it is now clear that a number of pathways can lead to recycling of proteins following internalization. It is therefore of importance to ask how many pathways exist for recycling and are they acting separately or in concert? A number of regulatory proteins have been associated with recycling pathways. The greatest amount of literature addresses the role of Rab11a as a regulator of ‘slow’ recycling pathways that are present in all
Defects in apical recycling system function influence polarized apical trafficking
Polarized cells require distinct regulation of trafficking to segregated apical and basolateral domains. Previous studies have established that polarized cells have a distinct Rab11a-containing apical recycling system that is separate from the basolateral recycling system which is not dependent on Rab11a [20, 21]. Over the years, there has been much discussion of whether the Rab11a-containing recycling system functions as an intermediate for trafficking of de novo synthesized proteins to the
Components of the apical recycling system influence the maintenance of the intestinal enterocyte brush border
Recent investigations have also focused on the role of recycling system components on the process of maintaining apical microvilli in intestinal epithelial cells. Studies on patients with neonatal diarrhea from Microvillus Inclusion Disease (MVID) have led to important insights into how defects in apical trafficking can alter epithelial cell function. MVID patients have secretory diarrhea beginning in the first weeks of life [31] and display significant small intestine enterocyte villus
Conclusions
The foregoing discussion demonstrates that the recycling endosome can no longer be treated as a single organelle, but is rather more appropriately represented as a system of recycling membrane pathways that may be semi-autonomous or at least interconnected. Multiple autonomous trafficking pathways may be operating independently to move specific cargoes along common established microtubule-based pathways. Effectors of Rab small GTPases can modulate the dynamics of trafficking and it seems likely
Conflict of interest
The author has declared that no conflict of interest exists.
References and recommended reading
Papers of particular interest, published within the period of review, have been highlighted as:
• of special interest
•• of outstanding interest
Acknowledgement
Dr. Goldenring's research is supported by NIH RO1 DK48370 and RO1 DK070856.
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