Abstract
A procedure for the isolation of regulated native thin filaments from the indirect flight muscles (IFM) of Drosophila melanogaster is described. These are the first striated invertebrate thin filaments to show Ca-regulated in vitro motility. Regulated native thin filaments from wild type and a troponin I mutant, held-up-2, were compared by in vitro motility assays that showed that the mutant troponin I caused activation of motility at pCa values higher than wild type. The held-up2 mutation, in the sole troponin I gene (wupA) in the Drosophila genome, is known to cause hypercontraction of the IFM and other muscles in vivo leading to their eventual destruction. The mutation causes substitution of alanine by valine at a homologous and completely conserved troponin I residue (A25) in the vertebrate skeletal muscle TnI isoform. The effects of the held-up 2 mutation on calcium activation of thin filament in vitro motility are discussed with respect to its effects on hypercontraction and dysfunction. Previous electron microscopy and 3-dimensional reconstruction studies showed that the tropomyosin of held-up 2 thin filaments occupies positions associated with the so-called ‘closed’ state, but independently of calcium concentration. This is discussed with respect to calcium dependent regulation of held-up-2 thin filaments in in vitro motility.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Agianian B, Krzic U, Qiu F, Linke WA, Leonard K, Bullard B (2004) A troponin switch that regulates muscle contraction by stretch instead of calcium. EMBO J 23:772–779
Andrianantoandro E, Blanchoin L, Sept D, McCammon JA, Pollard TD (2001) Kinetic mechanism of end-to-end annealing of actin filaments. J Mol Biol 312:721–730
Ball E, Karlik CC, Beall CJ, Saville DL, Sparrow JC, Bullard B, Fyrberg EA (1987) Arthrin, a myofibrillar protein of insect flight muscle, is an actin-ubiquitin conjugate. Cell 51:221–228
Barbas JA, Galceran J, Torroja L, Prado A, Ferrus A (1993) Abnormal muscle development in the heldup3 mutant of Drosophila melanogaster is caused by a splicing defect affecting selected troponin I isoforms. Mol Cell Biol 13:1433–1439
Beall CJ, Fyrberg E (1991) Muscle abnormalities in Drosophila melanogaster heldup mutants are caused by missing or aberrant troponin-I isoforms. J Cell Biol 114:941–951
Beall CJ, Sepanski MA, Fyrberg EA (1989) Genetic dissection of Drosophila myofibril formation: effects of actin and myosin heavy chain null alleles. Genes Dev 3:131–140
Bernstein SI, O’Donnell PT, Cripps RM (1993) Molecular genetic analysis of muscle development, structure and function in Drosophila. Int J Cytol 143:63–152
Boussof SE, Agianian B, Bullard B, Geeves MA (2007) The regulation of myosin binding to actin filaments by Lethocerus troponin. J Mol Biol 373:587–598
Bullard B, Bell J, Craig R, Leonard K (1985) Arthrin: a new actin-like protein in insect flight muscle. J Mol Biol 182:443–454
Bullard B, Leonard K, Larkins A, Butcher G, Karlik C, Fyrberg E (1988) Troponin of asynchronous flight muscle. J Mol Biol 204:621–637
Cammarato A, Hatch V, Saide J, Craig R, Sparrow JC, Tobacman LS, Lehman W (2004) Drosophila muscle regulation characterized by electron microscopy and three-dimensional reconstruction of thin filament mutants. J Mol Biol 86:1618–1624
Cammarato A, Craig R, Sparrow JC, Lehman W (2005) E93 K charge reversal on actin perturbs steric regulation of thin filaments. J Mol Biol 347:889–894
Clayton JD, Cripps RM, Sparrow JC, Bullard B (1998) Interaction of troponin-H and glutathione S-transferase-2 in the indirect flight muscles of Drosophila melanogaster. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 19:117–127
Cripps RM, Ball E, Stark M, Lawn A, Sparrow JC (1994) Recovery of dominant, autosomal flightless mutants of Drosophila melanogaster and identification of a new gene required for normal muscle structure and function. Genetics 137:151–164
Fraser ID, Marston SB (1995) In vitro motility analysis of actin-tropomyosin regulation by troponin and calcium. The thin filament is switched as a single cooperative unit. J Biol Chem 270:7836–7841
Gordon AM, Homsher E, Regnier M (2000) Regulation of contraction in striated muscle. Physiol Rev 80:853–924
Homsher E, Kim B, Bobkova A, Tobacman LS (1996) Calcium regulation of thin filament movement in an in vitro motility assay. Biophys J 70:1881–1892
Huxley HE (1973) Structural changes in the actin- and myosin-containing filaments during contraction. Cold Spring Harbor Symp Quant Biol 37:341–352
Karlik CC, Mahaffey JW, Coutu MD, Fyrberg EA (1984) Organization of contractile protein genes within the 88F subdivision of the D. melanogaster third chromosome. Cell 37:469–481
Kron SJ, Toyoshima YY, Uyeda TQ, Spudich JA (1991) Assays for actin sliding movement over myosin-coated surfaces. Methods Enzymol 196:399–416
Lehman W, Rosol M, Tobacman L, Thomas L, Craig R (2001) Troponin organization on relaxed and activated thin filaments revealed by electron microscopy and three-dimensional reconstruction. J Mol Biol 307:739–744
Margossian SS, Lowey S (1982) Preparation of myosin and its subfragments from rabbit skeletal muscle. Methods Enzymol 85:55–71
Marston S (1990) Stoichiometry and stability of caldesmon in native thin filaments from sheep aorta smooth muscle. Biochem J 272:305–310
Mateos J, Herranz R, Domingo A, Sparrow J, Marco R (2006) The structural role of high molecular weight tropomyosins in dipteran indirect flight muscle and the effect of phosphorylation. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 27:189–201
McKillop DF, Geeves MA (1993) Regulation of the interaction between actin and myosin subfragment 1: evidence for three states of the thin filament. Biophys J 65:693–701
Mogami K, Hotta Y (1981) Isolation of Drosophila flightless mutants which affect myofibrillar proteins of indirect flight muscle. Mol Gen Genet 183:409–417
Naimi B, Harrison A, Cummins M, Nongthomba U, Clark S, Ferrus A, Sparrow JC (2001) A tropomyosin-2 mutation suppresses a troponin-I myopathy in Drosophila. Mol Biol Cell 12:1529–1539
Noguchi T, Kihara Y, Begin KJ, Gorga JA, Palmiter KA, LeWinter MM, VanBuren P (2003) Altered myocardial thin-filament function in the failing Dahl salt-sensitive rat heart: amelioration by endothelial blockade. Circulation 107:630–635
Nongthomba U, Cummins M, Clark S, Vigoreaux JO, Sparrow JC (2003) Suppression of muscle hypercontraction by mutations in the myosin heavy chain gene of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 164:209–222
Nongthomba U, Clark S, Cummins M, Ansari M, Stark M, Sparrow JC (2004) Troponin I is required for myofibrillogenesis and sarcomere formation in Drosophila flight muscle. J Cell Sci 117:1795–1805
Nongthomba U, Ansari MA, Stark M, Sparrow JC (2007) Aberrant splicing of a jump and flight muscle-specific exon in the Drosophila troponin-T gene. Genetics 177:295–306
Pardee JD, Spudich JA (1982) Purification of muscle actin. Methods Enzymol 85:164–181
Parry DAD, Squire JM (1973) The role of tropomyosin in muscle regulation: analysis of X-ray diffraction patterns from relaxed and contracting muscles. J Mol Biol 75:33–55
Peckham M, Molloy JE, Sparrow JC, White DCS (1990) Physiological properties of the dorsal longitudinal flight muscle and the tergal depressor of the trochanter muscle of Drosophila melanogaster. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 11:203–215
Pringle JWS (1978) The Croonian Lecture, 1977. Stretch activation of muscle: function and mechanism. Proc R Soc London B Biol Sci 201:107–130
Qiu F, Lakey A, Agianian B, Hutchings A, Butcher GW, Labeit S, Leonard K, Bullard B (2003) Troponin C in different insect muscle types: identification of two isoforms in Lethocerus, Drosophila and Anopheles that are specific to asynchronous flight muscle in the adult insect. Biochem J 371:811–821
Razzaq A, Schmitz S, Veigel C, Molloy JE, Geeves MA, Sparrow JC (1999) Actin residue glu(93) is identified as an amino acid affecting myosin binding. J Biol Chem 274:28321–28328
Ruiz T, Bullard B, Lepault J (1998) Effects of calcium and nucleotides on the structure of insect flight muscle thin filaments. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 19:353–364
Tassieri M, Evans M, Barbu-Tudoran L, Trinick J, Waigh T (2008) The self-assembly, elasticity and dynamics of cardiac thin filaments. Biophys J 94:2170–2178
Vassylyev DG, Takeda S, Wakatsuki S, Maeda K, Maeda Y (1998) Crystal structure of troponin C in complex with troponin I fragment at 2.3-Å resolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:4847–4852
Xu C, Craig R, Tobacman L, Horowitz R, Lehman W (1999) Tropomyosin positions in regulated thin filaments revealed by cryoelectron microscopy. Biophys J 77:985–992
Yamada A, Yoshio M, Kojima H, Oiwa K (2001) An in vitro assay reveals essential protein components for the “catch” state of invertebrate muscle. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:6635–6640
Acknowledgements
Antibodies were kindly provided by Dr. Belinda Bullard, University of York and Dr. Alberto Ferrus, Cajal Institute, Madrid. We thank Dr Belinda Bullard for her helpful advice and the British Heart Foundation for funding.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Vikhorev, P.G., Vikhoreva, N.N., Cammarato, A. et al. In vitro motility of native thin filaments from Drosophila indirect flight muscles reveals that the held-up 2 TnI mutation affects calcium activation. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 31, 171–179 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10974-010-9221-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10974-010-9221-x