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Evolution of Wild Barley and Barley Improvement

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Abstract

Wild barley, Hordeum spontaneum, the progenitor of cultivated barley, Hordeum vulgare, originated 5.5 million years ago in southwest Asia, is distributed in the Eastern Mediterranean, Balkans, North Africa, Central Asia, and Tibet. H. vulgare, the fourth important world crop, used for animal feed, beer, and human food was domesticated polyphyletically by humans 10,000 years ago in the Neolithic revolution in at least three centers: Fertile Crescent, Central Asia, and Tibet. H. vulgare with thousands of land races and cultivars is widespread where other crops cannot adapt, yet it deteriorated genetically, especially due to pure breeding, and needs genetic reinforcement. H. spontaneum, the best hope for barley improvement, is a hardy ecological generalist, adapted to a wide range of extreme latitudes, altitudes, climates (warm and cold), and soils. Adaptations occur at all levels: genomically, proteomically, and phenomically both regionally and locally. It displays “archipelago” genetic structure, rich genetically, and harbors immense adaptive abiotic and biotic resistances precious to barley and cereal improvement. Sequencing the H. spontaneum genome will reveal huge, mostly untapped, genetic resources. The current global warming stresses H. spontaneum, and so it is imperative to conserve it in situ and ex situ to safeguard its future immense contribution to barley and cereal improvement, thereby helping to fight hunger.

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Acknowledgments

I thank all of my colleagues and students from the Institute of Evolution, the International Graduate Center of Evolution, University of Haifa, and worldwide for their excellent collaboration in our research project of the evolution of wild cereals in the Near East Fertile Crescent that started in the early 1970s. I am deeply grateful to Robin Permut for the editing and to the Ancell-Teicher Research Foundation for Genetics and Molecular Evolution, which provides continuous support of my research.

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  1. Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa, 31905, Israel

    Eviatar Nevo

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  1. Eviatar Nevo
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  1. Agronomy Department, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China, People's Republic

    Guoping Zhang

  2. Dept. Agriculture Western Australia, Government of Western Australia, Baron Hay-Court 3, South Perth, 6151, West Australia, Australia

    Chengdao Li

  3. , Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 South Street, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100081, China, People's Republic

    Xu Liu

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Nevo, E. (2013). Evolution of Wild Barley and Barley Improvement. In: Zhang, G., Li, C., Liu, X. (eds) Advance in Barley Sciences. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4682-4_1

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