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Paying for the Tolls: The High Cost of the Innate Immune System for the Cardiac Myocyte

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The Immunology of Cardiovascular Homeostasis and Pathology

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 1003))

Abstract

The cardiac myocyte differs strikingly from the specialized cells of the immune system, which has two different responses to invading organisms and tissue damage. Adaptive or acquired immunity generates highly specific antibodies in response to threats and is an essential component of immunity; however, adaptive immunity can take 4–7 days to mobilize, and a more primitive response, innate immunity, fills the gap. Innate immunity is expressed in complex and in primitive life forms. Specialized receptors, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which are widely distributed throughout different tissues recognize danger signals and rapidly respond with the release of noxious substances, such as TNFα. The problem is that many endogenous molecules have been found to act as ligands for specific TLRs, and when these molecules are released into the extracellular environment, they can cause problems by activating innate immunity and an inflammatory response. In cardiac myocytes heat shock protein (HSP)60 can activate TLR4, as can HMGB1, and this type of response can amplify the response to ischemia/reperfusion leading to increased cell and tissue injury. Activation of TLRs can potentially amplify chronic, inflammatory diseases, such as ischemic heart failure. Thus, it is important to understand the regulation of the TLRs and their downstream effects. This chapter will focus on the TLRs and cardiac myocytes.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by a RO1 HL079071 and a Merit Award (5101BX000839) from the US Department of Veterans’ Affairs, Office of Research and Development, Biomedical Laboratory Research Program.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA

    Anne A. Knowlton

  2. Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA

    Anne A. Knowlton

  3. The Department of Veteran’s Affairs, Northern California VA, Sacramento, CA, USA

    Anne A. Knowlton

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  1. Anne A. Knowlton
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Correspondence to Anne A. Knowlton .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London National Heart and Lung Institute, London, United Kingdom

    Susanne Sattler

  2. Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London National Heart and Lung Institute, London, United Kingdom

    Teresa Kennedy-Lydon

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Knowlton, A.A. (2017). Paying for the Tolls: The High Cost of the Innate Immune System for the Cardiac Myocyte. In: Sattler, S., Kennedy-Lydon, T. (eds) The Immunology of Cardiovascular Homeostasis and Pathology. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1003. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57613-8_2

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