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Self and Nonself pp 144–152Cite as

Sensing Necrotic Cells

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Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 738))

Abstract

Multicellular organisms have developed ways to recognize potentially life-threatening events (danger signals). Classically, danger signals have been defined as exogenous, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) such as bacterial cell wall components (e.g., lipopolysaccharide and peptideglycan) or viral DNA/RNA. PAMPs interact with dedicated receptors on immune cells, so-called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and activate immune systems. A well-known family of PRRs is the toll-like receptors (TLRs) in which each member recognizes a specific set of PAMPs. However, not only exogenous pathogens but also several endogenous molecules released from necrotic cells (damaged self) also activate immune systems. These endogenous adjuvants are called damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). It has been reported that high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), uric acid, heat shock proteins (HSPs) and nucleotides act as endogenous adjuvants. DAMPs are recognized by specific receptors (danger receptors) expressed mainly on antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages and induce cell maturation and the production of inflammatory cytokines by activating the NF-kB pathway. In this chapter, we will review danger signals released from necrotic cells and its recognition receptors.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan

    Yasunobu Miyake & Sho Yamasaki

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  1. Yasunobu Miyake
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  2. Sho Yamasaki
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Correspondence to Sho Yamasaki .

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  1. Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain

    Carlos López-Larrea PhD

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Miyake, Y., Yamasaki, S. (2012). Sensing Necrotic Cells. In: López-Larrea, C. (eds) Self and Nonself. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 738. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1680-7_9

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