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Sigma Proteins: Evolution of the Concept of Sigma Receptors pp 309–330Cite as

Molecular Probes for Imaging the Sigma-2 Receptor: In Vitro and In Vivo Imaging Studies

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Part of the book series: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology ((HEP,volume 244))

Abstract

The sigma-2 (σ2) receptor has been validated as a biomarker of the proliferative status of solid tumors. Therefore, radiotracers having a high affinity and high selectivity for σ2 receptors have the potential to assess the proliferative status of human tumors using noninvasive imaging techniques such as Positron Emission Tomography (PET). Since the σ2 receptor has not been cloned, the current knowledge of this receptor has relied on receptor binding studies with the radiolabeled probes and investigation of the effects of the σ2 receptor ligands on tumor cells. The development of the σ2 selective fluorescent probes has proven to be useful for studying subcellular localization and biological functions of the σ2 receptor, for revealing pharmacological properties of the σ2 receptor ligands, and for imaging cell proliferation. Preliminary clinical imaging studies with [18F]ISO-1, a σ2 receptor probe, have shown promising results in cancer patients. However, the full utility of imaging the σ2 receptor status of solid tumors in the diagnosis and prediction of cancer therapeutic response will rely on elucidation of the functional role of this protein in normal and tumor cell biology.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Dr. Hank Kung for providing the SPECT image in Fig. 8b. ESM was partially supported by Department of Energy training grant number: DE-FOA-0001075.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA

    Chenbo Zeng, Elizabeth S. McDonald & Robert H. Mach

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  1. Chenbo Zeng
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  2. Elizabeth S. McDonald
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  3. Robert H. Mach
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Correspondence to Robert H. Mach .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    Felix J. Kim

  2. Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA

    Gavril W. Pasternak

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Zeng, C., McDonald, E.S., Mach, R.H. (2016). Molecular Probes for Imaging the Sigma-2 Receptor: In Vitro and In Vivo Imaging Studies. In: Kim, F., Pasternak, G. (eds) Sigma Proteins: Evolution of the Concept of Sigma Receptors. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 244. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/164_2016_96

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