Immunology
Interferon lambda 4 can directly activate human CD19+ B cells and CD8+ T cellsDirect effects of IFNλ4 on CD8+ T cells can link the IFNλ4 genotype to differential clearance of hepatitis C virus infections.
Leishmania-infected macrophages release extracellular vesicles that can promote lesion developmentMacrophages infected with Leishmania donovani release extracellular vesicles that are composed of parasite and host-derived molecules that have the potential to induce vascular changes in tissues.
Neurturin regulates the lung-resident macrophage inflammatory response to viral infectionThe neurotrophic factor RET is induced in lung macrophages by viral triggers and activation via its ligand neurturin regulates matrix proteins and cytokines that shape the inflammatory response.
Human G-MDSCs are neutrophils at distinct maturation stages promoting tumor growth in breast cancerThis study shows that immunosuppressive primary breast cancer patient–derived G-MDSCs (PMN-MDSCs) are neutrophils at a range of maturations stages, and provides in vivo evidence for that human G-MDSCs also promote tumor growth and myeloid immune cell exclusion.
A dichotomy of gene regulatory associations during the activated B-cell to plasmablast transitionAs human B-cells differentiate, IRF4 switches occupancy and acquires CTCF colocalisation and IRF4 regulatory output diverts from cell activation to plasma cell state genes in conjunction with XBP1, whereas BLIMP1 represses activation.
PGE2 accounts for bidirectional changes in alveolar macrophage self-renewal with aging and smokingDysregulation of self-renewal contributes to alterations in alveolar macrophages (AMs). In this study, Penke et al identify PGE2 as a suppressor of AM proliferation, whose divergent bioavailability in aged and cigarette smoke-exposed mice could explain opposite effects on AM numbers.
Thymosin α1 protects from CTLA-4 intestinal immunopathologyThis study demonstrates that Tα1 protects mice from anti–CTLA-4–induced colitis and sustains its antitumor activity, thus suggesting that Tα1 may be used in combination protocols.
Egr2 and 3 control inflammation, but maintain homeostasis, of PD-1high memory phenotype CD4 T cellsPD-1high memory CD4 T cells are pathogenic in autoimmune disease; here they show their expression of Egr2 is defective in rheumatoid arthritis and Egr2 & 3 control their inflammation and homeostasis.
Attenuation of cGAS/STING activity during mitosisTo limit deleterious interferon responses with each cell division and open mitosis, cGAS/STING activities are shown to be dampened-with Golgi vesiculation preventing activation of STING.
EBV renders B cells susceptible to HIV-1 in humanized miceA proportion of EBV+ B cells are infectible by CXCR4-tropic HIV-1 in vitro and in vivo, and these HIV-infected B cells can transmit infection to previously virus-naïve humanized mice.