PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Aknouch, Ikrame
AU  - Sridhar, Adithya
AU  - Freeze, Eline
AU  - Giugliano, Francesca Paola
AU  - van Keulen, Britt J
AU  - Romijn, Michelle
AU  - Calitz, Carlemi
AU  - García-Rodríguez, Inés
AU  - Mulder, Lance
AU  - Wildenberg, Manon E
AU  - Muncan, Vanesa
AU  - van Gils, Marit J
AU  - van Goudoever, Johannes B
AU  - Stittelaar, Koert J
AU  - Wolthers, Katja C
AU  - Pajkrt, Dasja
TI  - Human milk inhibits some enveloped virus infections, including SARS-CoV-2, in an intestinal model
AID  - 10.26508/lsa.202201432
DP  - 2022 Dec 01
TA  - Life Science Alliance
PG  - e202201432
VI  - 5
IP  - 12
4099  - https://www.life-science-alliance.org/content/5/12/e202201432.short
4100  - https://www.life-science-alliance.org/content/5/12/e202201432.full
SO  - Life Sci. Alliance2022 Dec 01; 5
AB  - Human milk is important for antimicrobial defense in infants and has well demonstrated antiviral activity. We evaluated the protective ability of human milk against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in a human fetal intestinal cell culture model. We found that, in this model, human milk blocks SARS-CoV-2 replication, irrespective of the presence of SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific antibodies. Complete inhibition of both enveloped Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus and human respiratory syncytial virus infections was also observed, whereas no inhibition of non-enveloped enterovirus A71 infection was seen. Transcriptome analysis after 24 h of the intestinal monolayers treated with human milk showed large transcriptomic changes from human milk treatment, and subsequent analysis suggested that ATP1A1 down-regulation by milk might be of importance. Inhibition of ATP1A1 blocked SARS-CoV-2 infection in our intestinal model, whereas no effect on EV-A71 infection was seen. Our data indicate that human milk has potent antiviral activity against particular (enveloped) viruses by potentially blocking the ATP1A1-mediated endocytic process.