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Identification of biomarkers, pathways, and therapeutic targets for EGFR–TKI resistance in NSCLC

View ORCID ProfileLeilei Zhu, Shanshan Gao, Xianya Zhao, View ORCID ProfileYing Wang  Correspondence email
Leilei Zhu
1Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, Hefei, China
Roles: Conceptualization, Resources, Writing—original draft
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  • ORCID record for Leilei Zhu
Shanshan Gao
1Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, Hefei, China
Roles: Data curation, Software, Formal analysis
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Xianya Zhao
1Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, Hefei, China
Roles: Software, Formal analysis, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Methodology
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Ying Wang
2Department of Respiratory Medicine, Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital (Children's Hospital of Fudan University Anhui Hospital), Hefei, China
Roles: Conceptualization, Resources, Project administration, Writing—review and editing
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  • For correspondence: etyywangying@163.com
Published 10 October 2023. DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302110
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    Figure 1. Identification of differentially expressed genes.

    (A, B) Volcano plot of DEGs in the GSE64472 and GSE130160 datasets. The red dots represent up-regulated genes, the green dots represent down-regulated genes, and the black dots represent genes with no significant difference in expression. (C, D) Heatmap of the top 50 DEGs in the GSE64472 and GSE130160 datasets. Red represents up-regulated genes, and blue represents down-regulated genes.

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    Figure 2. Gene Ontology and KEGG pathway analysis of DEGs in NSCLC.

    (A) GO covering the domains of molecular functions (MF). (B) GO covering the domains of biological processes (BP). (C) GO covering the domains of cellular components (CC). (D) KEGG pathways that were the most significantly up-regulated pathways during SCLC. The bubbles represent the enrichment pathway with P-values < 0.05. The bubble size represents the number of enriched target genes in the process. The bubble color represents −log10 (P-value); from green to red, the P-value decreases. The Y-axis represents the enrichment target of GO or pathway. The X-axis is the RichFactor: its counts divided by the third column.

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    Figure 3. PPI analysis of DEGs based on Cytoscape.

    (A) Visualized PPI analysis of DEGs. (B) Top 20 genes with the highest MCC scores in DEGs. (C) Top 10 genes with the highest MCC scores in DEGs; a darker color represents higher MCC scores. (D) Heatmap of the top 20 DEGs in GSE64472. (E) Heatmap of the top 20 DEGs in GSE130160. Red represents up-regulated genes, and blue represents down-regulated genes.

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    Figure 4. Disease-free survival analyses of 10 hub genes based on The Cancer Genome Atlas.

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    Table 1.

    Functional roles of 10 hub genes.

    No.Gene symbolFull nameFunction
    1IL6Interleukin 6A cytokine that functions in inflammation and the maturation of B cells.
    2IL10Interleukin 10A cytokine produced primarily by monocytes and to a lesser extent by lymphocytes. This cytokine has pleiotropic effects in immunoregulation and inflammation.
    3CXCL9C–X–C motif chemokine ligand 9The protein encoded is thought to be involved in T-cell trafficking. The encoded protein binds to C–X–C motif chemokine 3 and is a chemoattractant for lymphocytes but not for neutrophils.
    4ITGAMIntegrin subunit alpha MThis gene encodes the integrin alpha M chain. This I-domain containing alpha integrin combines with the beta 2 chain (ITGB2) to form a leukocyte-specific integrin. The alpha M beta 2 integrin is important in the adherence of neutrophils and monocytes to stimulated endothelium and in the phagocytosis of complement coated particles.
    5CCL5C–C motif chemokine ligand 5This gene is one of the several chemokine genes clustered on the q-arm of chromosome 17. This chemokine, a member of the CC subfamily, functions as a chemoattractant for blood monocytes, memory T-helper cells, and eosinophils.
    6CD4CD4 moleculeThe CD4 membrane glycoprotein acts as a coreceptor with the T-cell receptor on the T lymphocyte to recognize antigens displayed by an antigen presenting cell in the context of class II MHC molecules.
    7IDO1Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1A heme enzyme that acts on multiple tryptophan substrates. This enzyme is thought to play a role in a variety of pathophysiological processes such as antimicrobial and antitumor defense, neuropathology, immunoregulation, and antioxidant activity.
    8HAVCR2Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 2The protein belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily, and TIM family of proteins. CD4-positive T helper lymphocytes can be divided into types 1 (Th1) and 2 (Th2) on the basis of their cytokine secretion patterns.
    9TLR9Toll-like receptor 9The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TLR family, which plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity.
    10CCR7C–C motif chemokine receptor 7The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the G protein–coupled receptor family. This receptor is expressed in various lymphoid tissues and activates B and T lymphocytes.
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    Table 2.

    Top 10 drug predictions for the EGFR–TKI resistance–specific key gene TIMP1.

    DrugInteraction type and directionalitySourcesQuery scoreInteraction score
    Liarozolen/aNCI2.924.25
    RovelizumabAntagonist (inhibitory)ChemblInteractions1.462.13
    Dimethyl sulfoxiden/aNCI1.462.13
    Clarithromycinn/aNCI1.350.98
    Fentanyln/aNCI0.670.49
    Phenylephrinen/aNCI0.630.91
    Theophyllinen/aNCI0.370.53
    Morphinen/aNCI0.280.41
    Hydrocortisonen/aNCI0.230.34
    Atorvastatinn/aNCI0.150.21
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EGFR TKI resistance in NSCLC using bioinformatics
Leilei Zhu, Shanshan Gao, Xianya Zhao, Ying Wang
Life Science Alliance Oct 2023, 6 (12) e202302110; DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302110

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EGFR TKI resistance in NSCLC using bioinformatics
Leilei Zhu, Shanshan Gao, Xianya Zhao, Ying Wang
Life Science Alliance Oct 2023, 6 (12) e202302110; DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302110
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Volume 6, No. 12
December 2023
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