Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1. COVID-19 patients present higher levels of IgG autoimmune antibodies than uninfected controls.
(A, B, C) Analysis of plasma samples from 115 COVID-19, 38 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and 101 Plasmodium vivax malaria patients for levels of IgG, anti-RBCL (A), anti-PS (B), and anti-DNA (C) by ELISA. Control samples were collected in the same area as patient samples, New York City for COVID-19 and SLE, and Tierralta (Colombia) for P. vivax malaria. Samples were considered positive for autoantibodies if the relative units > the mean plus three times the standard deviation of the controls. Percentage of positive samples for each group is indicated. The cut-off is indicated by the dashed horizontal line. Average of duplicated values for each sample is shown. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.001, ***P < 0.0001, ****P < 0.0001, Man–Whitney test.
Source data are available for this figure.
Source Data for Figure S1[LSA-2021-01180_SdataF1.xlsx]
- Figure 2. Anti-DNA antibodies from COVID-19 patients recognize ssDNA, dsDNA, and CpG.
(A, B, C D) Plasma samples from COVID-19 (n = 14) and systemic lupus erythematosus (n = 20) patients and controls from New York City (n = 14), and Plasmodium vivax malaria patients (n = 14) and controls from Tierralta (Colombia) (n = 14) were tested for levels of IgG to ssDNA (A), dsDNA (B), DNA as used in Fig 1 (C), and CpG (D) by ELISA. Average of duplicated values for each sample with standard deviation is shown. ***P < 0.0001, ****P < 0.0001, Mann–Whitney test.
Source data are available for this figure.
Source Data for Figure S2[LSA-2021-01180_SdataF2.xlsx]
- Figure 3. Autoantibody levels increase with severity of disease.
(A, B, C) Comparison of controls and COVID-19 patients stratified by severity of disease for levels of IgG, anti-RBCL (A), anti-PS (B), and anti-DNA (C). Average of duplicated values for each sample with standard deviation is shown. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.001, ***P < 0.0001, ****P < 0.0001, Mann–Whitney test.
Source data are available for this figure.
Source Data for Figure S3[LSA-2021-01180_SdataF3.xlsx]
- Figure 4. COVID-19 patients do not present higher levels of immune complex.
Analysis of 115 plasma samples of COVID-19 patients stratified by severity of disease and 40 controls for levels of C1q-binding immune complex by ELISA. Average of duplicated values for each sample with standard deviation are shown. *P < 0.05, Mann–Whitney test.
Source data are available for this figure.
Source Data for Figure S4[LSA-2021-01180_SdataF4.xlsx]
- Figure 5. Correlation analysis of autoantibodies and maximum values of clinical tests identified significant associations mainly for anti-DNA antibodies.
Heat map listing 118 clinical tests correlation with the autoantibodies and immune complex. Color scale indicates ρ values for each pair in the two tailed Spearman correlation test. Corresponding P-value (with false discovery rate correction) is indicated if P < 0.001 (**P < 0.001, ***P < 0.0001).
Source data are available for this figure.
Source Data for Figure S5[LSA-2021-01180_SdataF5.xlsx]
Tables
Age yr, median (IQR) 66 (20–101) Female sex, n (%) 35 (30.4) Race, n (%) White 68 (59.1) Black 14 (12.2) Asian 8 (7.0) Other 25 (21.7) Disease severity, n (%) Non-severe 40 (34.8) Severe that survived 42 (36.5) Severe that died 33 (28.7) COVID-19 (n = 115) Anti-PS Anti-DNA Immune complex ρ P-value ρ P-value ρ P-value Anti-RBCL 0.61 <0.0001 0.50 <0.0001 0.41 <0.0001 Anti-PS - - 0.46 <0.0001 0.36 <0.0001 Anti-DNA - - - - 0.23 0.0151 Systemic lupus erythematosus (n = 40) Anti-RBCL 0.37 0.020 0.52 0.0008 Anti-PS - - 0.43 0.0070 Malaria (n = 101) Anti-RBCL 0.46 <0.0001 0.37 0.0001 Anti-PS - - 0.54 <0.0001 - Table 3.
Correlation analysis between autoantibodies and severity/living status of hospitalized patients.
Odds ratioa P-valueb Living statusc Anti-RBCL 3.921 0.137 Anti-PS 2.083 0.161 Anti-DNA 1.925 0.161 Immune complex 4.759 0.137 Severityc Anti-RBCL 2.741 0.119 Anti-PS 5.765 0.043 Anti-DNA 7.219 0.006 Immune complex 3.477 0.119 - Table 4.
Autoantibodies positive predictive value for disease severity in hospitalized patients.
Positive predictive value, % (positives/total)a Anti-RBCL 66.6 (28/42) Anti-PS 92.8 (13/14) Anti-DNA 85.7 (6/7) Immune complex 0 (0/0) ↵a Patients that develop severe disease from total autoantibody or immune complex positive at day 0.
Table S1. Correlation analysis of autoantibodies and values of clinical tests at days 0–3. [LSA-2021-01180_TableS1.xlsx]
Table S2. Correlation analysis of autoantibodies and minimum values of clinical tests during hospital stay. [LSA-2021-01180_TableS2.xlsx]
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