In nature, plants constantly have to face pathogen attacks. However, plant disease rarely
occurs due to efficient immune systems possessed by the host plants. Pathogens are perceived …

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are conserved protein kinases in eukaryotes
that establish signaling modules where MAPK kinase kinases (MAPKKKs) activate MAPK …

In plant-microbe interactions, a pathogenic microbe initially has to overcome preformed and
subsequently induced plant defenses. One of the initial host-induced defense responses is …

Plant stomata function in innate immunity against bacterial invasion and abscisic acid (ABA)
has been suggested to regulate this process. Using genetic, biochemical, and …

Brassinosteroids (BRs) are steroid hormones that coordinate fundamental developmental
programs in plants. In this study we show that in addition to the well established roles of BRs in …

… Class J genes are not induced at 1 h but show upregulation 3 h after flg22 treatment.
Class A, B, C, D, E show the same tendencies but with flg22-induced downregulation. No cis-…

In Arabidopsis, mitogen-activated protein kinases MPK3, MPK4, and MPK6 constitute essential
relays for a variety of functions including cell division, development and innate immunity. …

Background Microbial-associated molecular patterns activate several MAP kinases, which
are major regulators of the innate immune response in Arabidopsis thaliana that induce large-…

Arabidopsis thaliana mitogen-activated protein kinases 3 and 6 (MPK3/6) are activated
transiently during pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and durably …

Infections with Salmonella enterica belong to the most prominent causes of food poisoning
and infected fruits and vegetables represent important vectors for salmonellosis. Recent …